Shawshank Redemption | Organizational Behaviour

Shawshank Redemption | Organizational Behaviour The movie I have chose in doing this assignment is Shawshank Redemption. This is a movie based on hope, friendship and strength. The Shawshank Redemption stars Tim Robbins as Andy Dufresne, he is the lead character and Morgan Freeman as Red. The original story is based on the book Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption written by Stephen King . Frank Darabont wrote the screenplay and directed the movie in 1994. This movie was released on September 1994. The purpose of doing this assignment is to relate the movie Shawshank Redemption and apply it in the field of study which is Organizational Behavior. In doing this assignment, we have to examine the main characters and their differences, personality type and attitude. We also need to observe their emotions and mood portrayed. Apart from that, we need to identify if there is any perceptual bias in this movie and whether or not they are using the decision making process model when there is a need for important decision making. Motivational theories application, teamwork effectiveness, leadership style and power tactics are also crucial subtopics in relating it with the movie. The last two part of this assignment is to study if there is any conflict in this movie and the last part is about the change tactics implemented. Analysis of Movie The director of the movie Shawshank Redemption has establish a specific quality of his work as evident in the movie. The genre of this movie as stated in internet movie database is a combination of both drama and crime thriller. This is because the movie is based on prison life and how the hero adapt to the new situation which is in the prison life after been accused of murdering his wife and her lover and this is also classified as crime thriller because the storyline of this movie centered about criminal behavior of not only the inmates but the misconduct of guards and warden as well. The Shawshank Redemption was directed by Frank Darabont based on the nove Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by author Stephan King. This movie was made in 1994 and this movie was a 1994 motion picture adapted. This movie use a formlistic style which focused on the formal, or technical, elements of a film: i.e., the lighting, scoring, sound and set design, use of color, shot composition, and editing. The director of this movie try to make audience slowly and gradually noticed each personality or traits of each character in this movie instead of aggressively show to audience their distinct traits. The position of the camera or the angle chosen in this movie was not from a usual perspective or angle. Shawshank Redemption is one example of classical films. The cinematography of this movie is by Roger Deakin. The movie had create a dramatic impact towards the audience by their options of color filter, the color chosen for example like the scenery outside the prison covered with walls and brick enhance the colour brown and when they are in the prison cell wearing their blue uniform, the color blue appeals more attractive. This movie plays a lot with darkness and shadow. This is especially the scene when there is a violence involved for example the scene when the guards beats up the prisoners, though we cant really see it because of the low light, we can still sense the presence of violence. When the guards walks or passed by the shadows followed, this reflects their dark side characters which is violent, harsh and have no mercy. The climax of this movie does not give direct understanding to audience until the later scene, It gives audience the sense of suspend ,and the final part of this movie gives audience a feeling of surprise and excitement, after Andy had successfully escaped from the prison. Lesson Learnt from the Movie Shawshank Redemption Persistence Andy is someone who is persistent and patience in reaching a specific aim or goal. Unlike many others, Andy do not easily give up even if there is a small obstacle stopping him. Andy keeps on trying and without fail to follow up with the authorities whom he asked for the fund to expand the library until it got approved. He wrote a letter a week for many years. He tried despite the fact that the warden told him they might not give him any money and finally Andy request was granted. Another good example that can be shown from this movie is when Andy requested a rock hammer in which he intend to make a hole at his cell wall to escape through the sewage tunnel. Even though he knows it might take years or maybe decade to accomplish it he determinedly and persistently commit to it because that is the only way he could escaped and he had ,managed to do so without anybody suspicions. This is to say patience has a virtue. Look out for Opportunities make the best out of situation In this movie, Andy had used his experience as a banker to gain trust from the guards and warden so it will be easier for him to get his plan accomplished if he had already established a basic foundation which is trust from them. In one of the scene, Andy overhears the captain guards complaining to his colleague about taxes that he has to pay for upcoming inheritance that he will get. Andy then takes opportunity from this situation by offering him advice about managing the taxes so he can avoid paying the tax for the inheritance. Later on, all the guards in the prison look up for him for advice. This situation gives him advantage as he is assigned to a special task when everybody came to see him to seek advice. Andy also gain warden trust in dealing with his illegal financial matters. This gives Andy advantage as it is easier to execute his freedom plan The lesson that can be learned from here is we must look for opportunity in any difficult situation. Even in very bad circumstances, there is a way to get out of it by looking up for the options available to make the best out of the bad situation. Hope and faith Andy did not lose faith even when he was accused of murdering his and her lover and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He knew there is still hope for him that he would get out from the prison even if it took decades. Andy spent his time mostly hoping for a better future;to be free, escape from jail. He has his vision clear in mind and had planned it thoroughly. Andy starts working towards his vision the moment he first step into the prison. Andy has faith in what he is doing, this can be seen when he commits in executing the plan without anyone suspecting him. Andy also sparks hopes for Red. This is because before Red met Andy, Red has lost his hope accepting that he will never see freedom again however Andy has change Red and that he then he now have some light of hope and the sense of possibility for him to be free. Andy does not only have faith in himself but also with Tommy. Tommy is the new con that just gets in to Reds group. Tommy approaches Andy because he wants to get his GED and have heard that Andy had helped few inmates before. Andy then spends a lot of time teaching Tommy because Tommy doesnt even know how to read. It can seen clearly from this situation that Andy have faith in Tommy otherwise he wouldnt teach him and Andy hopes the best for Tommy in taking the test and at the end Tommy did pass the test with C+ though at first Tommy feels he will not pass the test and that has let Andy down after all the hard work. Hope is a fundamental basis for all future plans and dreams. Without hope, one can never believe that life can change better. Hopeful people will not easily gave up on their mission to improve the life circumstances even when there is an obstacle. Andy has also mentioned in letter he wrote to Red Remember, Red. Hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies. I will be hoping that this letter finds you, and finds you well. Your friend, Andy Dufresne. Success is a reward for hardship Andy is rewarded with freedom after decades of hardship. Andy had spent 19 years digging a tunnel every night to escape prison. He had carve a chess piece from the rock and the Andy hides the residual rocks in his pants and safely dispose then on the prison ground during outdoor activity. Andy quest for freedom had made him determined in doing the task given to him with hope that he get to take advantage out of every situation. When Andy had escaped from the it is like a payback for all the hardship he went through in the prison, the excitement that only a free man can feel after a long journey in which the outcome is not certain. Islamic Perspective In the movie Shawshank Redemption, we could see that there a number of Islamic values that is upheld especially by the main character Andy Dufresne. We could also see some opposing values that is highlighted in this movie. From Islamic perspective, the Islamic values that is visible are we must help those who is need and patience has a virtue. The discouraging act in this movie on the other hand is in a total disagreement with the Islamic values and principle, for example, we should not give up in life by committing suicide, we must not get involve in corruption, bribe or swindling money, we should not take someones else life on purpose. Values that is accordance to Islam in this movie ; We must help those who is in need In Islamic perspective, Allah wants us to be kind and help those who is in need without expecting any return from them. In this movie, Andy had willing to teach Tommy who is illiterate until he passes his exam. Andy is someone who is kind hearted and willing to help his friend. Patience has a virtue Patience is to be said as a condition for success and prosperity. It is shown from this movie that Andy patience is rewarded with freedom. This shows the importance of being patient and how patience can make us be a better person. Andy is patient and even in a bad situation, he remains calm. We should not give up in life by committing suicide In this movie Brooks gone crazy after known that he will be set free soon. This is because he had institutionalized. After few days out from the prison Brook had commit suicide by hanging himself with a rope because he couldnt handle freedom and think there is no life for him out there because he was in prison almost all his life. From Islamic point of view, suicide is forbidden and we must not give up in life and must have faith everything has a way out. We must pray to Allah and zikir so can find peace in our self and that can lead us in rational state or mind We must not involve in corruption Allah had forbid us from practicing bribery and swindle money. The practice of bribery involves power abuse or profit gaining which contradicts to human law and moral. In this movie, the warden is corrupt and takes bribes. The Warden makes a plan to send the prisoners out on a community service program. The warden then takes bribes from other construction companies because the inmates are taking job away from these companies. He then asked Andy to launder money for the warden by setting up many account in different banks using a false identity he create. From Islamic point of view accept a bribe in any form and in any circumstances is forbidden. It is also haram to give a bribe to someone else as this is to get something which is the right of someone else. Therefore it is our interest to avoid involving in corruption Do not involve in killing or murder It is not allowed to murder anyone who is innocent of any crime. In Islam if we kill someone who ids innocent we are committing a huge sin. In this movie, the warden had killed Tommy because Tommy is a key escape for Andy as he knows the real person who actually murders Andys wife and her lover. Tommy had heart his previous cellmate told him about shooting a couple in a club house and later on his husband gets blamed. Andy than told the warden what he just knew , warden then had Tommy shot to death and tell everyone he got shot when he was trying to escape. The rationale behind his action is he dont want Andy to release and tell the authority about the money laundering and murder in the prison. The main storyline about this Shawshank Redemption The story is about a banker named Andy Dufresne that works in Maine. He has been convicted of murdering his wife and her professional golfer lover. He was announced guilty and sent to the dangerous Shawshank Prison. He feels lonely and isolated at first. He then befriends a fellow inmate that had been convicted for a long time named Red. Red befriend with him because Red can sense there is something in Andy. Red has the capability to smuggle in things into the prison. Andys first request made to Red is a rock hammer and he said that he like to collect rocks and sculpting as a hobby but Red thinks that Andy will use the rock hammer as a tool to escape from the prison. Next, he requests a poster. Overtime, Andy befriend prison guards and give them his skill in financial as an advisor to them. One particular guard has an eye for him to use Andy for his benefit which is to use Andy bookkeeping skill in order to organize a money laundering scheme for him, so that he can use the laundered money after he retires. Andy takes up project expand the prison library by writing letters to Maine state senate for funds. When the library has more resources and materials, he also helps the other fellow inmates to get their high school diplomas. One day, a new and young inmate, Tommy, arrived at Shawshank. He tells Andy that in other prison he overhears that there is one prisoner has killed a bankers wife and her professional golfer lover. Then the murder was framed on Andy. Andy tells the warden about the new information but the warden is having a doubt about it. Norton Warden shot Tommy to death because he afraid that Andy will reveal the laundering scheme that he and Andy are doing together. Since Andy does not have a new witnessed for his new trial, he does not want to help Norton Warden with his scam anymore but the he is trying to threaten Andy by destroying the prison library. Next thing, Andy is gone from Shawshank prison. He had escaped by digging his way out of the wall using his rock hammer and the escape hole has been hidden behind a poster. Andys escape took around 20 years for him to be free from the prison. Then, Andy takes money from Warden Nortons scam under the named registered for Randall Stephens and leaves the town. Norton Warden commits suicide by pulling a trigger up to his chin after he found out that Andy used him. Red received an empty postcard from Fort Hancock, Texas and Red interpret it is from Andy that has made it into Mexico and gain his freedom. Furthermore, red passes his parole board and he works at a grocery store and lives in a halfway house. One day, he bought a compass from a pawn shop and follows Andys instructions for him to find a small box under a large black stone. The box contains a huge amount of money and direction to find Andys current location. Red bailed his parole and leaves the halfway house and he takes a bus to Fort Hancock, crosses Mexico and reunited with his friend, Andy again. The main character of the Shawshank Redemption The main characters for this movie are Andy Dufresne and Ellis Boyd Redding or also to be known as Red. The differences among the main characters of this movie All of the two main characters are male as portrayed in the movie and they are all having different character. Andy Dufresne is white people and Red is black or African American. There are no statements in the movie that show each of the character age. The descriptions of each character are as follows. Firstly, Andy Dufresne possessed the banking skills since he works in a bank at Maine. It has been shown at the beginning of the movie. Since he has the skill in the banking field, he also helps the prison guards by giving financial advice to them. He also is being in charge to get the fund for the expansion of the prison library by writing the letter to the Maine state senate. Besides that, he does not mind to lend a helping hand and it can be shown when Andy helps one of the guards, Warden Norton in laundering Nortons money. Furthermore, he helps fellow inmates to gain their high school diplomas. It can be seen that Andy has a kind heart when it comes to help others. Moreover, Andy is a creative person. It is because he uses only the hammer rock that usually used by the geologist for collecting rocks and sculpting as his escape to freedom tool. He also hid his escape hole using the poster that he request from Red. So, it is one of his creative ways to escape that he kept it for himself. Secondly, Red is the second main character in this movie. Red is seen to be gaining some respect by others because he has the capability to smuggle thing into the prison. He is also one of the first Andys friends in the prison because he sees something in Andy when he first meets him. Besides that, when Andy escaped from the prison, he misses Andy. It shows that he values the friendship that he has with Andy. He is a secret keeper for Andy as an example, Andy launders money for Warden Norton by creating a fraud account under the name Randall Stephens and Andy only shares this information with Andy alone. What are attitudes can you identify in the main characters? Andy Strong minded Andy is said to have a strong minded because he has his plan in mind and stick to it until the end. He knows that any action or plan he makes have a consequences and he is willing to take the risk. It also means here that Andy is a determined person. He is determined to escape from the prison and have had plan everything for it, waiting only for the execution. Self control Self control is when someone can control his emotions, attitudes and behavior .Andy has a high level of self control. Though he was convicted for crime he did not commit, he did not portray any attitudes or behavior that is rebellious. He only obeys to what he is commanded to do and show no sign to opposing it. One example , is when Andy first night at Shawshank, he did even make a sound, means, he does break into tears despite knowing the fact that he will be spending his life as prisoners. Caring and empathetic Andy is someone who is kind and concern for others well being. Andy cares for the people around him including Red and Brooks. When Red was rejected for parol, Andy gave him a harmonica as a present for him and to encourage him not to lose hope. This shows that he cares about Red and wants him to have a sense of hope to be freed. He also cares for Brooks when Brooks go crazy after knowing he will be released from Shawshank, he calm Brookds down when Brooks was so down. This shows Andy concern for Optimistic Andy is an optimistic person. He is hopeful and has faith in his future. Andy not only instills this hope to himself but to others around him as well, especially Red. He is confident that he will have a better future by escaping the prison and he is optimist that his plan will succeed. Kind Andy is warm and kind hearted person. He helps out the new inmates named Tommy to go through a exam. Andy is willing to spend his time teaching Tommy how to read. Determined Andy is a very determined person. We can see his determination throughout the entire movie. First he is determined to escape from the prison with the plan he already have on mind. Secondly, he is so determined, that he actually, digs out tiny piece of wall every night. Andy did not gave up when he tried to ask for donations and fund for the library even it was rejected many time, he persistently, wrote a letter to the authority until it was approved. Red Friendly Red is seen as a friendly person, as he has a bunch of friends whom he always hangs out with and he also approaches Andy, Red and Andy slowly become friends. Red is also the one who knows most of the inmates there though he may not necessarily befriend with them. One example is when Red they labeled Red as a man who can gets anything from anybody. This indicates that he has many connections and friends inside Shawshank Helpful Red is a helpful person as he often helps Andy whenever Andy needs something such as when he needs rock hammer and poster of Rita Hayworth. Andy does sometimes seek opinion and advice from him. Red too often helps Andy in whatever Andy is doing, such as when they renovate the library and when Andy provide financial assistant to the guards, Red was his assistant. This shows that Red is a very helpful person. Loyal Red is a loyal friend and supporter of Andy. Red is always there for Andy to shares stories, talk about their past and future. Red has become Andy friend throughout Andys life in prison. Towards the end of the movie, one evident shows that Red is loyal is when he went to the place mentioned by Andy to collect what is left by Andy, he then visit Andy in Zihuatanejo . They then happily reunited. Humour Red can be considered as a person who has a sense of humor. When they gather among them, there will be laughter and giggling. This is an important trait as it will reduce boredom and tense among one another. What emotions and mood can be portrayed in the movie? Were the emotions and mood easily to see or did you have to guess from the evidence from the scene? Explain your answer. There are few emotions and moods portrayed in this movie. Some of the emotions can be detected easily while some have requires an interpretation and deep understanding. There are emotions portrayed in this movie have high negative affect such as tense, and nervous. The first emotion that I would like to highlight first is tense. There were quiet a number of scene of beating violently. The first scene is when the new inmates broke into tears and plead to release him, the guards, drag him out of his cell and beats him till he dies. This scene is very emotional. There is also a scene where a man gets shot by the warden. This emotion was not so easy to perceived, as when the new inmates got beaten, the others can feel the sense of tense hearing him screaming for his life, though it does not show their expression directly, we know they acknowledge presence of tense by the look in their eyes. Emotion such as worry and suspend can also be found in this movie. The scene when the warden did a spot check in every cell to check if there is any illegal item they keep, when it was Andy turns, though he does not show it obviously, there is a presence of worry in him, worry that his illegal item will be found by the warden, the climax of this part is when the warden asked him for the book he holds, Andy then passed the book to warden, this is when Andy looks worried, because he may have hid his rock hammer inside the book, which he actually did, shown towards the end part of the movie. Upset is another example of high positive affect. Andy was very upset when Tommy was killed, because that is the only chance he could get escaped but the warden killed Tommy so Andy will have no chance to be released. Andy frustration can also be easily detected when he expressed it in his face. Low negative affect emotions such as relaxed can also be found in this movie. The emotions relaxed is when Andy and his friend get to drink cold beer at the roof top given by the warden as a compensation for the advice Andy gave to him. This emotion of relaxed and calm can easily be seen by their action and behavior which is laid back, chilling and relaxed enjoying their free beer. Low positive affect emotion is also visible such as depressed. This can also be easily seen when Andy got lock up in the isolated and dark cell for weeks. When he was in there he look depressed. This depression can easily be perceived. What sort of personality type can you identify from the character in the movie? Andy personality type in the movie Shawshank Redemption can be classified into Introverted, Intuitive, thinking and judging (INTJ). Andy is an introverted person. Andy is a a private and quiet person. Andy is someone who is concerned of the inner world of his mind. He does a lot of thinking, exploring his own thought and emotions. Moreover, he is not really a outgoing person, he is often around his group of friends and especially with Red. Andy is an intuitive person. Andy focus is on the big picture. For example, Andy believes that will get out from the Shawshank prison even without having any reason or evidence for that belief. This shows that Andy rely on his intuitions. Andy is also a thinking type of person. We can see that he often analyze the situation before executing any of his plans. Andy is often cool, strong minded and analytical, this attitude is consistent with his thinking personality type. Judging. Andy preferred to have a control of things that is going on around him . Based on these personality types we can say that Andy is independent and brilliant. He is often innovative and creative. The dark side of this type of personality is INTJ person are a very private person and less likely to share ideas to other. This exactly reflects Andy Dufresne character. Red personality type is total opposite from Andy which is extroverted, sensing, feeling and perceiving (ESFP). Red is an extroverted person. He is friendly and can easily make friends. He has a lot of friends in Shawshank. As evident from the movie, he is the one who first approach Andy. Red is someone who only cares or concern about what is going on at present. Therefore we can say that Red is sensing type of person. Sensing is a type of person who prefers routine and order. In the movie Shawshank Redemption we can see that Red is comfortable with the routine activities he did every day. Red is also a feeling type of person. Red is a person who makes decision based on what he thinks people care about. For example, in Red parole interview he often answers to the interviewer based on what he thinks the interviewers wants to hear. Red is a perceiving .He is flexible and spontaneous. Based on Red personality type we can conclude that Red is a person who is fun to be with, friendly, warm and love to make others happy. Perceptual bias Yes they were perceptual biases in this movie Availability Bias Availability Bias is a tendency for people to based judgment on information that is readily available to them. In the movie Shawshank Redemption, the availability bias scenario is when Red visit the authorities of the prison for a parole interview. When he was asked by one of them whether he already feel rehabilitated Red answered to them Yes, I am honestly feeling a changed man, I am no danger to society, and thats Gods honest truth and I am absolutely rehabilitated. However his parole was rejected twice by the officer. This indicates that the authorities interview Red was making decision based on availability bias, they make decision based on what is readily available at that time which is in this case how Red answered their question. The authorities do not consider the fact that he has been doing good and well behaved in prison all this while. Decision making process In the movie Shawshank Redemption, they are some important decision were made but the decision was not made based on the decision making process primarily based on Intuition. Intuition is instinctive and unconscious knowing without reasoning. In the movie Shawshank Redemption, there are few scene showing how Andy make instant or unconscious decision based on his guts feeling, for example in the scene when Andy was trying to carve his name on the cell wall, and later large piece of wall breaks off and fell and at that tim Andy start formulating his plan to escape. When Andy gave an advice to the guards Captain named Hadley, later on Hadley noticed that Andy was good in numbers and that will benefit all the other guards. Andy might not know this would be a good opportunity for him to execute his plan without suspicions. It is based on Andys own gut feeling or intuition for seeking out opportunities, even though he does not know where his plan is going to lead. Andy does what he needs t o do and are not afraid of taking risk in everything he does. Motivational theories Self-determination Theory Self-determination Theory is a theory concerned with beneficial effect of intrinsic motivation and harmful effects of extrinsic motivation. Self-determination theories propose that people prefer to feel they have control over their action. In the movie Shawshank Redemption we can see that Andy is portraying a character of a self determined person, however Andy in this movie is motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic rewards is when a person enjoy in doing what he is doing and does not concern about praising or rewards. Evident from this movie that shows Andy is motivated by intrinsic effects is when he help the guards by giving them advise, we can see that he clearly sincere in doing it because it is his expertise though we know Andy have hidden intention behind. Evident based on extrinsic rewards is when he become the accountant for the warden and he help warden in swindling money by creating account with different names, he did this for extrinsic rewards that i s his hidden intention to reveal the warden practice of corruption when he escape from the jail later, by obeying to warden order, he knew he will gain trust from the warden which will benefit in executing his plan. x. Was teamwork applied in the movie? If no, why do you say that? If yes, do you think the team was effective? Yes, we can see that they had applied teamwork in this movie. The teamwork can be seen clearly when they are trying to smuggle illegal item from outside. Moreover, in this movie, their teamwork very effective and efficient because they do not get caught when smuggling illegal item from outside into the prison. However, Ellis Red Reddings who is the leader of smuggler have good relationship with the officer and have friends who is cooperate with him very well. We can conclude it as the successful team when the teams are assertive and a trust among them. This team also shows individual with technical expertise as well as most of them are conscientiousness and openness. When they are trying to smuggle the illegal item, they have members who fill the role and prefer to be part of their group. They are able to complete the task without get caught or knowing of the warden. Apparently, when Andy Dufresne asking about the photo of one of popular artist, Ellis Red Reddings trying hard to smug gle the photo and pass through the one of their friends who do the books keeper every week. Clearly, they have developed a good team and effective. It gives exciting and satisfying also trust for the each member of the teamwork. On the other hand, there is one thing that Andy Dufresne wants to bring different in the prisoner. He tries to renovate bookstore into library which is first and foremost library in the prisoner. They cooperates each other and the team work efficiently and successfully build a new mini library as they believe they can succeed. However, they are facing many difficulties to build the library. All the teams contribute their physical and technical expertise to make it work. When all of them succeed to make a mini library with their effort, they have opportunity for personal development of itself and there are very satisfying and get rewarding experience. From Islamic perspective, depending upon their teamwork, clearly they are practicing good moral valu How Effective is Metadata? How Effective is Metadata? ABSTRACT: In a highly growing technological world, large organizations deal with huge amount of information. With this rapid growth the retrieval of historical information has become a compulsory task for the decision makers. Here is where data warehouse comes into play. Data warehouse is a collection of integrated databases designed to support managerial decision making and problem solving functions. Metadata is one of the most important feature available in data warehouse. In this paper we are going to explain how effective is metadata in data warehouse and how it helps in improvising the performance measures of the data warehouse making it highly efficient. INTRODUCTION: Retrieving the required information from data warehouse without metadata will be a daunting task. metadata is a small piece of data which tells the decision making analysts what kind of data is it and where it is stored. Thus making the task easy and time saving. Metadata has a significant role in data warehouse. There are of two parts front room and back room metadata. The back room metadata helps in extraction, cleaning and loading. the front room metadata is descriptive type helping in smooth functioning. While creating the data warehouse for large organizations one or more meta data has to be stored, for this meta model is been created. Meta model is a conceptual model for metadata database where meta data of a warehouse are stored. It renders detailed description of metadata units and their relationship existing between them. The metadata type and their abstraction level has a direct impact on building a meta model. Meta data management system mostly follows the federal structur e (i.e.) combining the advantages of both centralized and distributed structures enabling a variety of meta database for storage. Meta model should be highly scalable so that when the application requirements change the users can customize the application specific component of metadata. EFFECTS OF METADATA ON DATA WAREHOUSE: Metadata and its management play a very important role in data warehouse system. When a user needs to access a data in data warehouse, he first looks into the metadata for where it is located in that cluster of information. What if the metadata is not present, the user has to skim through the whole information to find out his required information which is practically an impossible task. Thus metadata showing up to be highly efficient in data warehouse. In context with data warehouse, metadata is majorly classified as business, technical and operational meta data. Business metadata explains about business definition, policies and others. Technical metadata has all technical information such as db. system names, tables, columns names, data types and values. Whereas operational metadata shows the currency of data. Meta data also ensures code reusability, accuracy, consistency and integrity of the system. It highly supports the development, maintenance and upgradation of Data warehouse. LIMITATIONS: When different layers of metadata fail to communicate and update successfully, the users will land up in wrong search of data. SOLUTION: A proper maintenance should be done on a timely basis and a notification mechanism should be initiated whenever such updating does not take place to ensure that metadata has updated and works fine. A good quality data warehouse should ensure good performance measures such as quality control, confidentiality of data, integrity, availability etc. Here we are going to see how metadata is playing a vital role in improvising the performance measures of data warehouse. QUALITY CONTROL BY METADATA: Implementation of data warehouse is a most efficient solution for decision makers. In some cases, data warehouse fails to meet the requirements due to lack of data quality. The major area where the data quality fails is while integrating the input sources. In a metadata quality control system, initially the demands for quality are gathered from the user and then convert these requirements into specifications. These specifications are added to metadata. Along with this metadata, total data warehouse architecture is combined so the data is examined along the dataflow. This security mechanism is implemented in metadata since the metadata repository is responsible for each and every characteristic of data present in the warehouse. Hence applying quality demands in metadata helps to rectify the quality issues in data warehouse. ADVANTAGES: The quality demands of the user are satisfied, efficiency is improved, performance measure is boosted. LIMITATION: Firstly, though the quality control measure is applied in the initial stage, the data after stored in the warehouse do not guarantee the same quality. secondly, there is a slight modification in the warehouse architecture in accordance to the quality control model which may affect the performance of the warehouse. SOLUTION: A proper quality check should be carried out even after the data is stored in warehouse by involving quality maintenances in warehouse and also before involving modification in warehouse architecture the performance measure is to be checked so that it does not affect the efficiency. SECURITY MEASURES BY METADATA: A high quality data warehouse should have highly confidential storage system. Security is more important in this competitive world where hacking of information no more a big deal. Data warehouse is an inaccessible system providing huge of amount of data easily available for users. Security aspects are considered before building the data warehouse and inserted in the metadata in the architecture.so the user will be restricted to only a particular area where the access is provided, the rest data cannot be accessed unless proper authentication is provided. Inserting security measures after developing data warehouse will not be that effective and cost efficient. We apply security measure in metadata since applying it to the other parts will affect the performance of data warehouse and also it wont end up in an efficient way. ADVANTAGES: Confidentiality of the data is maintained, illegal authentication is prohibited, increases the performance. LIMITATION: This security model is advantageous for those kind of data whose content is described by metadata and also it restricts the access to users, so the users end up making decision with the available decision thus indirectly affecting the performance of data warehouse. SOLUTION: Rather than giving authentication to a area, security system should be designed in such a way that only highly trusted users are let in the warehouse and are allowed to migrate throughout the system and make the better decision by considering all the available data. CRITICAL REASONING: For large organizations, metadata management is of great importance and great potential. Metadata not only provide information about the data in warehouse but also, helps in boosting various performance measures by which the user requirements are satisfied. By improving the quality of the data, consistency and efficiency is maintained in warehouse. By providing a secured data to the users as per their demands increases the performance of the warehouse. Other security measures and quality control measures involves more complexity than that of one involving metadata. So, using metadata would be a simple and prudent choice. CONCLUSION: In this goal, driven business environment, it is important to serve the demands of the user rather than giving them a comprehensive result. Metadata is a small part in data warehouse architecture but in turn provides huge effects in functioning. Meta data gives meaning to data and adds clarity to the users. hereby we summarize the effects of metadata in data warehouse and how it helps in improving the performance measures of warehouse. This performance improvement techniques using metadata is not widely followed because of lack of understanding of importance of metadata and, the metadata management has higher degree of complexity. So, by this we get to know that metadata is essential and highly effective in data warehousing.

Desertification Essay -- essays research papers fc

The world’s drylands, contrary to popular misconceptions of being barren unproductive land, contain some of the most valuable and vital ecosystems on the planet. These dryland environments have surprising diversity and resiliency, supporting over two billion people, approximately thirty-five percent of the global population (UNEP, 2003). In fact, approximately seventy percent of Africans depend directly on drylands for their daily livelihood (UNEP, 2003). However, these precious and crucial areas are at a crossroad, endangered and threatened by the devastating process of desertification. There are over one hundred definitions for the term ‘desertification’, however the most widely used and current definition is as follows: desertification refers to the land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions due to human activities and climate variations, often leading to the permanent loss of soil productivity and the thinning out of the vegetative cover (U NCCD, 2003). It is important to note that desertification is not the expansion and contraction of deserts or hyper-arid territories, which grow and decrease both naturally and cyclically. French ecologist Louis Lavauden first used the term desertification in 1927 and French botanist Andre Aubreville, when witnessing the land degradation occurring in North and West Africa in 1949 popularized this term (Dregne, 242). The causes of desertification include overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation and poor irrigation practices. Climatic variations, such as changes in wind speed, precipitation and temperature can influence or increase desertification rates, but they are not catalysts to the process- it is the exploitative actions of humans that trigger desertification (Glantz, 146). The most exploited area historically has been Africa. In the Sahel (transition zone between the Sahara and the Savanna) of West Africa during the period of 1968 to 1973, desertification was a main cause of the deaths of over 100,000 people and 12 million cattle, as well as the disruption of social organizations from villages to the national level (USGS, 1997). As a result of the catastrophic devastation in the Sahel, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1977, where an agreement was reached to eradicate desertification by the year 2000. Obviously this goal was not achi... ...esertification in Desert Margins.† 2002. . Smith, Olanrewaju, et al. â€Å"Desertification: Myths and Realities.† 10 June 1999. . Sweet, Lois. â€Å"Margins of Hope.† 26 May 1999. . Tiempo Climate. â€Å"Desertification and climate change.† 1993. . UNCCD: Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. â€Å"Knowledge Base.† 19 March 2003. . UNDP: United Nations Development Programme. â€Å"Drylands Development Centre.† 2003. . UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme. â€Å"Drylands.† 2003. USGS: United States Geological Survey. â€Å"Desertification.† 29 October 1997. . Warren, Andrew, et al. An assessment of desertification and land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1988. Waser, Katherine. â€Å"The Convention to Combat Desertification Part 1: Africa and the Mediterranean.† 1996. . WHO Africa: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. â€Å"Malaria Control.† 19 October 2003. WHO Denmark: World Health Organization. â€Å"Desertification and drought greatly affects Africans’ health.† 10 December 2002. . Wu, Jianguo. Desertification. Phoenix: Arizona State University West, Department of Life Sciences, 2001.

Customers not sell their goods

Influence Of Advertising Program Implementation Via Internet And Marketing Via E-Mail Against Advertising Information Processing And Besides The Implication Against Purchasing DecesionIntroductionAt the present economic, some of clients non sell their goods and merchandise straight to concluding client, but via selling agent. Merchandise selling represents stub for each house beside others activities that must execute to make the best mission and vision for obtain market the merchandise. Information engineering development at the present becomes one of option can do media in attempt market the merchandise and the same clip as publicity media for house wholly to public. Globalization influence against populace ‘s life form in all globe side can be observed clearly. Globalization issued or†cold revolution† foremost with crowded the information engineering web. Information engineering development enable public that exist in full side Earth can interactive and execute dealing, without must upset by geographic boundary line. More from it, others change feels at public behaviour form in spend their fund that now besides begin move from characterize form of â€Å"conventional† into ingestion pattern form of â€Å"modern† . It average, at the present public Begin like efficient shopping manner and non much need worksheet. For illustration, internet media applications ( E-mail ) that enable public particularly that high mobility to shopping without have to occupy with spell to shopping Centre or market place. PT. San Miguel Indonesia as company that dressed ore at snack represent one of extremely concern company at the selling field. PT. San Miguel Indonesia. It so happens vision from San Miguel Indonesia is closeness with client represents a pick become outlook that will be created at merchandise and service. So that the company will ever give the best with create a value that can make. To able to make company ‘s vision and mission objective so PT. San Miguel Indonesia ever attempt to shut with their client. In information engineering and globalisation epoch, so the challenge will be faced by PT. San Miguel Indonesia non easily, because competition more and more strict caused by a batch of competitory company and assorted similar merchandise. This state of affairs influenced by high client ‘s involvement to purchase the merchandise because class and quality and monetary value cheaper. At the present information engineering development enable each company near with client even if via electronic media. One of attempt that can performed by company to make client is with working the information engineering development represents chance and challenge faced by PT. San Miguel Indoensia.Literature ReviewTogether with addition competition in battle for the market, selling activity has importance function in a company for addition the sale. Selling is extremely cardinal affair, so that ca n't considered as alone map. Because selling is manner to look full companies from concluding consequence, viz. from their client ‘s position ( success of a concern non determined by manufacturer but by client ) ( Peter Drucker, 2000 ) . Selling besides comprise full company ‘s activities in adapt to it environment creatively and fortune ( Ray Corey, 2000 ) . While harmonizing to Philip Kotler ( 2004: 9 ) selling construct represents a societal procedure that inside single and group obtain what they need and want with create, offer, and besides free to alter valuable merchandise with others side. Harmonizing to John E. Kennedy ( 2006: 13 ) selling is an interconnected activity program group to place demand and develop, administer, advance, and besides make up one's mind precisely monetary value from a merchandise and service to make satisfaction from client that purpose to give net income. Investigated factor in this research consist of four research variables that describe range and connexion form and besides aim will be reached from this research, viz. publicizing plan, selling via electronic mail, information procedure and besides buying determination. a. First, publicizing plan variable that make up determination needed to construct in general advertisement ( Kotler, 2005 ) . Advertising plan has influence to publicizing information processing by client consist of four indexs viz. target market section ( market ) , direction/mission, message, and besides media. B. Second, selling variable via e-mail ( e-mail selling ) can considered as tool of electronic selling ( e-marketing ) . E-mail selling included in direct selling communicating group ( direct selling ) ( Kalyanam et. al. , 2002 ) . This variable consist of two indexs that are promotional e-mail and besides relatted electronic mail of service. c. Third, information processing variable. This variable consist of 6 indexs such as exposure, attending, comprehension, understanding, keeping and purchase connotation. d. Fourth, purchaing determination variable used as public presentation measuring media of advertisement. Development of marketing scheme in this instance directed to can carry through client ‘s demand and desire at market served. In competition epoch more and more non cognize geographics boundary line, comprehension for client ‘s demand and apprehension at served market will determinated company ‘s nonsubjective accomplishment success. Marketing consept in this instance contain that full company ‘s activities directed to able to fulfill client ‘s desire and demand. Attendance of electronic and print media show serious attitude for entreprenuers to repaire merchandise, goods and service quality through determining of quality standarization and service quality, and besides publicity scheme stabilisation. litas produk, barang, dan jasa via penetapan standarlisasi mutu dan kualitas pelayanan, serta pemantapan strategi promosi. Marketing communicating strategic that exact can avoid company from effect lose of publicity activity it non effectual and efficient. Customer ‘s determination procedure as consequence of by and large ad explantion started from require debut, information research, alternate rating and ended with buying and satisfaction ( Sumarwan, 2003 ) .Research MethodologyResearch about advertisement via this cyberspace and selling via electronic mail performed at a company that concern in bite field viz. PT. San Miguel Indonesia with spread out inquirer to internet user that have acces site of PT. San Miguel Indonesia. The study consequence informations processed with used SPSS plan Version 13.0. Normality trial used to cognize informations distribution in variable will be used in research, and from proving consequence that performed to informations of all variables explained have normal distribution. Data computation with corelation method used to explained grade of relationship intimacy inter variables, and from analysis performed to informations of all variables explained have close relationship and between each variable interrelatedness. While arrested development used to prove influence between one variable with others.Hypothesis That Influence Decision ProcessOperational hypothesis make up nonsubjective hypothesis. It means researcher formulate hypothesis non merely based on base sentiment, but based on objectiveness excessively, that research hypothesis that made non yet of class precisely after tested with usage being informations. For it writer formulate the job will be tested as follow: 1. Ho1: There is nil influence between advertisement plan application at cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to publicizing plan processing by cyberspace user. Ha1: There is influence between advertisement plan application at cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to publicizing plan processing by cyberspace user. 2. Ho2: There is nil influence between advertisement plan at cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to internet user comprehension about merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia. Ha2: There is influence between advertisement plan at cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to internet user comprehension about merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia. 3. Ho3: There is nil influence between executor of advertisement plan in cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to buying determination either straight or via information processing stage. Ha3: There is influence between executor of advertisement plan in cyberspace and selling merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia via electronic mail to buying determination either straight or via information processing stage.DiscussionRespondent CharacteristicThis research location is in Depok and Bekasi, where per centum for Depok part = 57.33 % and for Bekasi part = 42.67 % . Number of respondent is every bit many as 150 individuals, while per centum of respondent ‘s sex is for male = 59.33 % and female = 40.67 % . Dominant age of respondent between 21-25 old ages old, respondent ‘s latest instruction bulk is non yet finish from S1, respondent ‘s occupation position bulk is pupils and privat employee, respondent ‘s gross bulk per month is & lt ; Rp. 2.000.000, respondent ‘s old alteration used cyberspace is & gt ; 3 old ages, respondent ‘s clip mean alteration usage cyberspace in clip of one hebdomad is 1-10 hours, respondent ‘s requirement bulk entree cyberspace is for shoping cyberspace site, respondent ‘s requirement bulk entree web site is for amusement, and most frequently topographic point used by respondent to entree cyberspace is warnet.Correlation TrialConsequence of correlativity trial SPSS Output analysis is as follow:  · Advertising variable with information processing variable Correlation between advertisement variable and information processing is every bit large as 0.625. It means is relationship between advertisement variable and information processing strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . In the same way means if advertisement is high so information processing high excessively. Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value it ‘s important every bit large as 0.00 & lt ; 0.025.  · Advertising variable with buying determination variable Correlation value between publicizing variable and buying determination every bit large as 0.420. It means relationship between advertisement variable and buying determination strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value it ‘s important every bit large as 0.00 & lt ; 0.025.  · Advertising variable with marketing variable via electronic mail Correlation value between Advertising variable and selling via electronic mail is every bit large as 0.491. It means relationship between advertisement variable and selling via electronic mail strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value it ‘s important every bit large as 0.000 & lt ; 0.025.  · Information processing variable with buying determination variable Correlation value between Information treating variable and buying determination every bit large as 0.542. It means relationship between Information treating variable and buying determination strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value it ‘s important every bit large as 0.000 & lt ; 0.025.  · Information processing variable with marketing variable via electronic mail Correlation value between Information treating variable and selling via electronic mail is every bit large as 0.577. It means relationship between Information treating variable and selling via electronic mail strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value its important every bit large as 0.000 & lt ; 0.025.  · Purchasing determination variable with marketing variable via electronic mail Correlation value between buying determination variable and selling via electronic mail is every bit large as 0.519. It means relationship between buying determination variable and selling via electronic mail strong and same way ( because positive consequence ) . Correlation of both variables have important characteristic because value its important every bit large as 0.000 & lt ; 0.025. From consequence above can cognize that tightest additive relationship is between publicizing variable with information processing variable viz. every bit large as 0.625. In the others word, supposed factor that most influence information processing variable every bit large as with advertisement variable.Arrested development Trial · Regression trial consequence of dependant variable ( Y1 ) information processing From computation consequence, obtained correlativity value R between advertisement variable and selling variable via e-mail with information processing every bit large as 0,719. It means relationship both the variables extremely strong. Positive correlativity show that relationship between advertisement variable and selling variable via e-mail same way. It means if advertisement and selling via electronic mail more and more addition so information treating more and more frequently performed. R2 table shown Determination Coefficient ( DF ) in above computation every bit large as 0.517 or same with 51,7 % . It means, that every bit large as 51,7 % full variant information processing sum can be explained from Ad and selling variable via electronic mail. And the remainder every bit large as 48,3 % explained from others causal factor that come from exterior of this arrested development theoretical account. Therefore, above arrested development theoretical account is appropriate. From analysis consequence so can be concluded that information processing influenced by publicizing plan via cyberspace and selling via electronic mail. Regression equation obtained from analysis is Y1 = 1.033 + 0.455Ãâ€"1 + 0.340Ãâ€"2. It means partly advertisement and selling variables via electronic mail influenced to variable Y ( information processing ) .  · Regression trial consequence of Dependent Variable ( Y2 ) Buying determination. From computation consequence, obtained correlativity value R between marketing variable via electronic mail, advertisement, information processing with buying determination variable every bit large as 0,622. It means relationship all of three variables is strong. Positive correlativity shows that relationship between advertisement and selling variables via electronic mail, and information processing is same way. It means if advertisement, selling via electronic mail, and information processing more and more frequently performed so purchasing determination will increase. R2 table shown Determination Coefficient ( DF ) in above computation every bit large as 0.386 or same with 38,6 % . It means, that every bit large as 38,6 % full discrepancies of entire buying determination can be explained from advertisement and selling variables via electronic mail, and information processing. And the remainder every bit large as 61,4 % explained from others causal factors come from this arrested development theoretical account. Therefore, above arrested development theoretical account is appropriate and true. From analysis consequence had shown that information processing, advertisement and selling via e-mail influence for buying determination. Regression equation obtained from analysis is Y2= 1.304 – 0.016Ãâ€"1 + 0.315Ãâ€"2 + 0.403Ãâ€"3. It means partly information processing, and selling variables via electronic mail that have influence to Y variable ( buying determination ) . While for advertisement variable have nil relationship or influence Y variable ( buying determination ) that can be looked from computation significance bigger from ( & gt ; ) 0.05.OcclusionConcludeBased on correlativity trial between advertisement variable in cyberspace and information processing and besides between marketing variable via e-mail and information processing had shown strong relationship and same way. It had shown that advertisement plan in cyberspace and selling via electronic mail wholly had influenced to information processing. It means if advertisement variable in cyberspace and selling via electronic mail is high, so information treating variable will be better or high. Because within information processing variable inf luenced by publicizing variable in cyberspace and selling via electronic mail, can be looked at equation Y1 = 1.033 + 0.455Ãâ€"1 + 0.340Ãâ€"2. With finding coefficient every bit large as 51.7 % , it shown that information processing explained from advertisement variable in cyberspace and selling via electronic mail every bit large as 51.7 % and the remainder every bit large as 48.3 % explained from others factor outside of advertisement variable and selling via electronic mail. Internet user ‘s comprehension about merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia influenced from publicizing plan in cyberspace performed by PT. San Miguel Indonesia and from marketing via electronic mail either straight or via anterior information processing stage that consequence in involvement fro cyberspace user to execute buying determination against merchandise of PT. San Miguel Indonesia. Where information processing variable has influence every bit large as 54,2 % against buying determination variable, so that can be concluded that some internet user can understand merchandise of PT. San Miguel Indonesia via advertisement media in cyberspace every bit large as 54,2 % . Strong relationship and same way based on correlativity trial between marketing variable via electronic mail, advertisement in cyberspace, and information processing influenced buying determination for cyberspace user that can be looked at equation Y2=1.304 – 0.016Ãâ€"1 + 0.315Ãâ€"2 + 0.403Ãâ€"3, partly influenced buying determination cyberspace user is information treating variable ( x2 ) and marketing via electronic mail ( x3 ) . Determination coefficient value obtained every bit large as 38.6 % , it shown that buying determination cyberspace user explained by marketing variable via electronic mail, advertisement in cyberspace, and information processing every bit large as 38.6 % . And the remainder every bit large as 61.4 % explained from other factors come from outside of the variable. This instance shown that buying determination by cyberspace user non based on advertisement plan in cyberspace, selling via electronic mail, and besides information treating merely but bu ying determination can happen without all of three the variable.SuggestionThe company has to able to maximise plan have run that is publicizing at cyberspace and selling via e-mail optimally with give new invention against being advertisement and selling in order to able to pull internet user attending performed buying determination to merchandise of PT San Miguel Indonesia so that can increase the gross revenues.Bibliography[ 1 ] Annemarie Boon, Perceptions of Business Costumer on Promotional Electronic mail: Investigating its Influence on the Relationship Quality, Master Thesis, Vrije Universities, Amsterdam. 2005, [ 2 ] Berdine Cilliers, the Internet as a Medium in the Achievement of Corporate Communication and Marketing Goals – A Descriptive Study, University of Pretoria. 2003, [ 3 ] Gerard Broussard, June, Making the Right Choices in the Online Media Planning Tool Shed, mOne Media Analytics, Presented at WAM Online/wireless conference. 2002, [ 4 ] Gooley, Christopher G. , James M. Lattin, Dynamic Customization of Merketing Messages in Interactive Media, Research Paper, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Stanford, CA. 2000, [ 5 ] Gregorius Chandra, Fandy Tjiptono, dan Yanto Chandra, Pemasaran Global: Internasionalisasi dan Internetisasi, ANDI, Yogyakarta. 2004, [ 6 ] Guy Consterdine, Routes to success for consumer magazine web site, International Federation of the Periodical Press Survey. 2005, [ 7 ] Jim Dravillas, Gerard Broussard dan Jeffrey Graham, Cross-Media and the Web: Best Practices for Using the Internet to Measure Cross-Media Advertising Campaigns, Presented at the ARF Week of Workshops, September 24, NYC. 2003, [ 8 ] John Quelch, Ethics in Marketing, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, US. 1996, [ 9 ] Kirthi Kalyanam, dan Shelby Mclntyre, The e-marketing mix: A Contribution of the e-tailing wars, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30 ( 4 ) . 2002, [ 10 ] Lana Sularto, Pengaruh Informasi Periklanan Di Internet Dan Pemasaran Melalui E-Mail Terhadap Pemrosesan Informasi Periklanan Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Di Wilayah Jabodetabek, Disertasi Doktor, Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta. 2007, [ 11 ] Margrethe Dal Thomsen, September Advertising on the Internet, Dissertation, University of Westminister. 1996, [ 12 ] Michael Carlon, Marc Ryan, dan Risa Weledniger, The Five Golden Rules of Online Branding, Dynamic Logic, AdRelevance, 24/7 Media. 2000, [ 13 ] Michael J Russel, Robert J Keith, Rod N Feuer, Mary Meeker, dan Mark Mahaney, â€Å"Does Internet Advertising Work? 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Summary Of The Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of...

Telling His Own Tale African Slave! English subject! Christian surveyor! Anti-slavery writer! If you are looking for this in a short story consider â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano.† The title of this story along, gave me knowledge that this story is not like other stories because Olaudah Equiano is the author of the story and the word â€Å"interesting† stays with his narrative all of these years so there got to be something â€Å"interesting† about this work. Also examiming the title of this work, the reader can notice that prejudices had to be overcome by black people. During the late 1700s , travel literature was very popular. Olaudiah Equiano was born in 1745 in Eboe, in what is now Nigeria. He was kidnapped and sold to slave traders heading to the West Indies. Equiano traveled extensively and was allowed to buy his own freedom in 1766. Olaudah Equiano was an autobiographer, abolitionist, and a Christian advocate. He expl ains his life through the middle passage and â€Å"working his way up to freedom.† Writing about his life gave a voice to the many Africans who went through the same things as Equiano. This story came out in 1789, when slavery was legal and practiced in each of the thirteen colonies. While Equiano’s life was the voice of the unheard, he also gave light behind the hidden life of slavery. In â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† Olaudah Equiano shows his writing technique by using imagery, tone, style and themes